← Glossary

The counterpart to Prohairesis, denoting in the Stoic system the totality of all external events, outcomes, and occurrences that lie beyond our rational control: the results of negotiations, the reactions of others, bodily suffering. The term is not attested in classical Greek sources but represents an Epictetan refinement of the dichotomy between what is in our power (assent, judgement, intention) and what is external (body, wealth, fate). It expresses the idea that although we have no direct influence over these events, we can preserve complete control over our inner response to them.
